美国出生公民权面临的新挑战

美国出生公民权屡次成为美国政治和社会争议的焦点之一。历史上针对出生公民权的争议不断，一些政治人物主张通过行政命令或法律手段限制或取消这一权利，认为其被滥用，导致“生育旅游”现象泛滥。然而，法律专家普遍认为，取消出生公民权需要通过复杂的宪法修正程序，而不能仅靠行政命令实现。美国总统特朗普上任当天签署的试图取消部分出生公民权的行政令再度将美国出生公民权推上热点。

一、美国的出生公民权

附件：

PROTECTING THE MEANING AND VALUE OF AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP

EXECUTIVE ORDER[2]

保护美国公民身份的意义和价值

January 20, 2025

2025年1月20日

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered:

根据《美利坚合众国宪法》和法律赋予我作为总统的权力，特此命令

Section 1.  Purpose.  The privilege of United States citizenship is a priceless and profound gift.  The Fourteenth Amendment states:  “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.”  That provision rightly repudiated the Supreme Court of the United States’s shameful decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393 (1857), which misinterpreted the Constitution as permanently excluding people of African descent from eligibility for United States citizenship solely based on their race. 

第 1 节宗旨。美国公民的特权是一份无价而深厚的礼物。  第十四修正案规定  "凡在美国出生或归化美国并受其管辖者，均为美国公民及其居住州之公民"。该条款正确地否定了美国最高法院在 "Dred Scott 诉 Sandford "案（60 U.S. (19 How.) 393 (1857)）中做出的可耻判决，该判决错误地解释了《宪法》，将非洲人后裔永久性地排除在美国公民资格之外，而这完全是基于他们的种族。   

But the Fourteenth Amendment has never been interpreted to extend citizenship universally to everyone born within the United States. The Fourteenth Amendment has always excluded from birthright citizenship persons who were born in the United States but not “subject to the jurisdiction thereof.” Consistent with this understanding, the Congress has further specified through legislation that “a person born in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof” is a national and citizen of the United States at birth, 8 U.S.C. 1401, generally mirroring the Fourteenth Amendment’s text.  

但第十四条修正案从未被解释为将公民权普遍扩展至在美国出生的所有人。  第十四修正案一直将出生在美国但不 "受美国管辖 "的人排除在与生俱来的公民权之外。根据这一理解，国会通过立法进一步明确规定，"在美国出生并受其管辖的人 "在出生时即为美国国民和公民，《美国法典》第 8 篇第 1401 条，总体上反映了第十四条修正案的文本。

Among the categories of individuals born in the United States and not subject to the jurisdiction thereof, the privilege of United States citizenship does not automatically extend to persons born in the United States:  (1) when that person’s mother was unlawfully present in the United States and the father was not a United States citizen or lawful permanent resident at the time of said person’s birth, or (2) when that person’s mother’s presence in the United States at the time of said person’s birth was lawful but temporary (such as, but not limited to, visiting the United States under the auspices of the Visa Waiver Program or visiting on a student, work, or tourist visa) and the father was not a United States citizen or lawful permanent resident at the time of said person’s birth. 在美国出生但不受美国管辖的个人类别中，美国公民的特权并不自动延伸至在美国出生的人：(1) 其母亲非法居留美国，而其父亲在其出生时不是美国公民或合法永久居民，或 (2) 其母亲在其出生时在美国的居留是合法的，但却是临时性的（例如：......或......）、 但不限于根据免签证计划访问美国，或持学生、工作或旅游签证访问美国），且其父亲在孩子出生时不是美国公民或合法永久居民。   

Sec. 2.  Policy.  (a)  It is the policy of the United States that no department or agency of the United States government shall issue documents recognizing United States citizenship, or accept documents issued by State, local, or other governments or authorities purporting to recognize United States citizenship, to persons:  (1) when that person’s mother was unlawfully present in the United States and the person’s father was not a United States citizen or lawful permanent resident at the time of said person’s birth, or (2) when that person’s mother’s presence in the United States was lawful but temporary, and the person’s father was not a United States citizen or lawful permanent resident at the time of said person’s birth.    

第 2 节 政策。(a) 美国的政策是，美国政府的任何部门或机构不得向下列人员签发承认美国公民身份的文件，或接受由州、地方或其他政府或当局签发的声称承认美国公民身份的文件：(1) 其母亲在美国非法居留，且其父亲在其出生时不是美国公民或合法永久居民，或 (2) 其母亲在美国的居留是合法但暂时的，且其父亲在其出生时不是美国公民或合法永久居民。

(b)  Subsection (a) of this section shall apply only to persons who are born within the United States after 30 days from the date of this order.

(b) 本条(a)款仅适用于自本命令发布之日起 30 天后在美国境内出生的人。

(c)  Nothing in this order shall be construed to affect the entitlement of other individuals, including children of lawful permanent residents, to obtain documentation of their United States citizenship. 

(c) 本命令的任何内容均不得解释为影响其他个人，包括合法永久居民的子女获得其美国公民身份文件的权利。

Sec. 3.  Enforcement.  (a)  The Secretary of State, the Attorney General, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Commissioner of Social Security shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the regulations and policies of their respective departments and agencies are consistent with this order, and that no officers, employees, or agents of their respective departments and agencies act, or forbear from acting, in any manner inconsistent with this order.    

第 3 节 执行。(a) 国务卿、司法部长、国土安全部长和社会保障专员应采取一切适当措施，确保其各自部门和机构的法规和政策与本命令保持一致，且其各自部门和机构的官员、雇员或代理人不得以任何与本命令不一致的方式行事或不行事。

(b)  The heads of all executive departments and agencies shall issue public guidance within 30 days of the date of this order regarding this order’s implementation with respect to their operations and activities.

(b) 所有行政部门和机构的负责人应在本命令发布之日起 30 天内，就本命令在其业务 和活动中的执行情况发布公开指南。

Sec. 4.  Definitions.  As used in this order:

(a)  “Mother” means the immediate female biological progenitor.

(b)  “Father” means the immediate male biological progenitor.

第 4 节.  定义。本命令中使用的

(a) "母亲 "是指直系女性生物学祖先。

(b) "父亲 "指直系男性亲生父亲。

Sec. 5.  General Provisions.  (a)  Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i)   the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or    

(ii)  the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

第 5 节 一般规定。  (a) 本命令的任何内容不得解释为损害或以其他方式影响：

(i) 法律赋予行政部门或机构或其负责人的权力；或

(ii) 管理和预算办公室主任在预算、行政或立法提案方面的职能。

(b)  This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(b) 本命令的执行应符合适用法律，并视拨款情况而定。

(c)  This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

(c) 本命令无意也不会产生任何一方针对美国、其部门、机构或实体、其官员、雇员或代理人或任何其他人可依法或通过衡平法强制执行的任何实质性或程序性权利或利益。